Are X-Rays and CT Scans Safe?
by Allen Hinkle, M.D., Chief Medical Officer

Many individuals today know that diagnostic imaging procedures are very expensive ($500 - $2,500 each), but they wonder if they are safe. The answer lies in understanding the benefits and potential risks of these types of tests. Diagnostic imaging procedures are an extremely valuable tool in the appropriate diagnosis of illness and disease. However, it is important that individuals also understand the risks associated with certain diagnostic imaging procedures.

The primary risk to individuals undergoing diagnostic imaging procedures is the potential exposure to radiation, which may increase the risk of developing cancer. However, radiation exposure is generally so small that the risk is outweighed by the benefit of having a needed test. The level of radiation exposure depends on a number of factors, including the type of procedure, the size of the body part being examined, and the type of equipment used and its operation.

The measure for absorbed radiation is the millisievert (mSv). It is commonly assumed that the risk for adverse health effects from radiation is relative to the amount of radiation dose absorbed, and that depends on the type and frequency of examinations.

The table in the next column shows a list of diagnostic tests and associated radiation doses. The typical amounts cited for radiation dose are estimates only. The actual dose from a procedure could be 10 times larger or three times smaller than these estimates.

How can you minimize your risk?
As a first step in minimizing your risk, have an open discussion with your physician regarding the risks and benefits associated with the recommended diagnostic imaging procedure. Be sure your physician understands your diagnostic imaging history, such as the other scans you have had and when they occurred, so he or she can develop the most appropriate diagnostic plan for you.

Radiation Dose Comparison


What does this mean to you?
The bottom line is that X-rays, CT scans, and PET scans do involve some potential risk of radiation exposure; however, these procedures can be a valuable diagnostic tool for physicians, and the risk is outweighed by the benefit when used appropriately.

Remember to track your diagnostic imaging tests and share your history with your physician if he or she recommends additional tests. This record of previous tests can be valuable for understanding your medical history and for managing your radiation exposure risk over time. Using an electronic medical record (EMR) or personal health record (PHR) can be helpful in keeping track of your radiation risk.

Diagnostic Imaging Tests with Radiation Exposure
X-rays
CT or CAT (computerized tomography) scans
Nuclear medicine studies
PET (positron emission tomography) scans
Bone density scans
Mammograms

Diagnostic Imaging Tests without Radiation Exposure
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRA (magnetic resonance angiography)
Ultrasound (or sonogram)